Artificial Intelligence in Indian Agriculture: Threats and Opportunities for Rural Livelihoods

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Indian agriculture presents a pivotal juncture for the nation's economy and food security. With over 50% of the population dependent on agriculture and a pressing need to address challenges like climate change, fragmented landholdings, and declining profitability, AI offers transformative potential. However, the specific socio-economic context of India's agrarian structure, dominated by small and marginal farmers, necessitates a critical examination of how this technology will impact rural livelihoods. This research paper analyzes the dualistic nature of AI's influence on Indian agriculture. It explores the significant opportunities, including enhanced productivity through precision farming, improved risk management via predictive analytics, and potential market linkages that can empower farmers. Conversely, it investigates the profound threats, such as the exacerbation of existing inequalities through a digital divide, the displacement of non-farm agri-labor, and the risk of technological lock-in that may undermine traditional ecological knowledge. The paper argues that the trajectory of AI in Indian agriculture is not technologically deterministic but will be shaped by policy choices, institutional frameworks, and inclusive innovation models. It concludes that for AI to be a force for equitable development, a multi-stakeholder approach focused on accessibility, capacity building, and the preservation of sustainable farming practices is imperative.