Climate Change and Economic Planning: Steering Economic Transformation in the 21st Century

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical challenges influencing global economic planning in the 21st century. Rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecological degradation are reshaping growth models and compelling policymakers to rethink traditional development strategies. This paper explores how climate change is driving economic transformation by integrating sustainability into fiscal frameworks, industrial policies, and agricultural planning. A qualitative methodology based on secondary sources, including scholarly literature, policy documents, and institutional reports, is employed. The findings reveal five major trends: (1) climate change as a structural economic challenge, (2) increasing emphasis on renewable energy and green growth, (3) integration of climate policy into fiscal and industrial planning, (4) transformation of agriculture and food systems, and (5) growing significance of global cooperation in economic governance. The paper concludes that sustainable development must form the cornerstone of 21st-century economic planning, emphasizing resilience, innovation and inclusivity.